The Bible Of Isaiah s Prophets And Isaiah 49

ers of Isaiah contain a series of beautiful poetic prophecies about a servant who would bless the world through his life, labors, and suffering. Collectively these prophecies are known as the â€Å"Servant Songs† or the â€Å"Servant Psalms.† Though an issue of some debate, a typical list of the Servant Songs includes Isaiah 42:1–6; 49:1–6; 50:4–9; 52:13–15; 53:1–12.[1] Through the centuries, scholars, saints, and students have debated the identity of the servant. Some speculate the servant is Isaiah himself. Others suggest that perhaps the servant is Cyrus, the great and magnanimous king who united the Medes and Persians, conquered Babylon, and allowed the Jews to return to Judah. One of the songs, Isaiah 49:1–7, specifically identifies Israel as the servant. Still others see Moses, Jeremiah, and Abraham as fulfillments of the prophecies.[2] Indeed, a case can be made for each of these individuals or entities, and others, to be a fulfillment of some of the Servant Song prophecies, but Latter-day Saints and other Christians typically identify â€Å"the Servant† as Jesus Christ, for it can be shown that he fulfills all the prophecies of the Servant Songs and some only he can fulfill. Thus while other individuals or entities such as Isaiah, Cyrus, or Israel appear to fulfill certain portions of the Servant Songs’ prophecies, in th at capacity they can appropriately be viewed as a type or a symbol for Jesus Christ—the Servant who fulfills them all. While a study of what the Servant Songs mayShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of a Single Authorship of Isaiah1570 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of a Single Authorship of Isaiah When a critic attacks the authorship of Isaiah, it is like the â€Å"devil† putting his foot in the door. Modern criticism has cast doubt on the Bible. The written Word of God is a battlefield and many a skeptic has tried to dethrone the Bible claiming it is just another book. Denying a single authorship of Isaiah: 1. Casts doubt on the written Word of God 2. Makes Jesus appear ignorant when He said Isaiah wrote the scroll of Isaiah 3. Promotes skepticism about theRead More Interpreting the Servant Song of Isaiah 52:13-53:12 Essay2340 Words   |  10 Pagesidentity of the servant in particular, interacting and engaging with both the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the prospective views. Thirdly; a brief conclusion will be given. In this essay, the arguments with regards date and authorship of Isaiah, will not be dealt with, as the subject is vast and the above title does not expressly demand it. Exegetical issues: The purpose of this section will be to study some exegetical issues which could affect ones interpretation of the fourth servantRead MoreThe Creation Of The Messiah2190 Words   |  9 PagesChristianity ascribe to Him, as well as the difference between what Jews believe as the Messiah and Christinaity differ greatly. The Messiah, for the Jew, is the political deliverer of His people. In Islam, he is essentially only a man, and a great prophet. The main difference between Christianity and Islam is centered on the person of the Messiah, Jesus Christ, from Nazareth. Christians relate to Jesus of Nazareth â€Å" the eternal Son of God, born before all time, in Him all things were made, that areRead MoreThe Suffering Servant Of Isaiah 52 And 532170 Words   |  9 PagesTHE SUFFERING SERVANT OF ISAIAH 52 AND 53 The book of Isaiah provides a message to the nation of Israel and is one of the most powerful books of prophecy in the Bible. The prophet spoke of events to come that many have attempted to discern. Scholars, Rabbis and Christian Clergy differ in their interpretations of these passages in Isaiah 52 and 53. This paper will address these biblical passages in Isaiah 52 and 53, which describes a â€Å"suffering servant† to the Lord God. There has been a debateRead MoreA Great Leader - The Messiah5208 Words   |  21 PagesThe Messiah Old Testament texts that point to the coming of the Messiah are traditionally interpreted from either the viewpoint of their New Testament fulfillment (evangelicalism) or their linguistic and grammatical distinctiveness within the Hebrew Bible (non-conservative). The Messiah in the Old Testament considers another important theology. It approaches Israel’s concept of the Messiah as a developing theme and shows how a proper grasp of the textual meaning at each stage of Old Testament revelationRead MoreCommon Ground Between Muslim And Christian Belief Essay2041 Words   |  9 Pagessacred text, but the very words of God, incorruptible and without error. Furthermore, the Quran teaches Muslims to believe the revelation of the prophets, both in the Old Testament and in the New Testament; including Abraham, Moses and Jesus (S2:87, 3:84, 4:163, 5:46). Similarly, Christians also believe that scripture is the Word of God; teaching that the Bible is useful for spiritual development (2 Timothy 3:16-17). In 849 AD, Abu’l Hasan al-Ash’ari formulated the doctrinal belief that the Quran wasRead MoreThe Assessment Muslims View Judaism2289 Words   |  10 PagesThe assessment by Muslims view Judaism and Christianity as early accounts of Islam and Islamic tradition does identify Jewish and Christian prophets and Christians and Jews are mentioned in the Quran and are protected as â€Å"People of the Book.† The Islamic legal tradition upholds the views that Christians and Jews have the right to practice their faith in Islamic land. All three religions vary in their interpretation, their sacraments, and observations of their religions. Christianity, Judaism, andRead MoreHow Can A Christian Be A Biologist? Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pagesfaith are abortion and when life begins and genetic modifications in crops and people. I will provide two examples of when the Bible says life begins. The first quote is from Genesis 2:7 and it says, â€Å"Then the Lord God formed a man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being.† The second quote is from Isaiah 49: 1-3 that says, â€Å"Before I was born the Lord called me; from my mother’s womb he has spoken my name. He made my mouth like aRead MoreHe Is God Almighty4291 Words   |  18 PagesHe is God Almighty Isaiah 9:6 --  For to us a child is born, to us a son is given, and the government will be on his shoulders. And he will be called Wonderful Counselor,  Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace. Isaiah 7:14 --  Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign: The virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and will call him  Immanuel  (Prophecy). Matthew 1:23--  The virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and they will call him  Immanuel-- whichRead MoreKing Hezekiah Essay2691 Words   |  11 Pagesa whole, here the writer says, â€Å"In those days there was no king in Israel; everyone did what was right in his own eyes† (Judges 21:25). After this the children of Israel desired to have a king so that they would be like everyone else. Samuel the prophet went to the Lord in prayer and was told to give them what they wanted. During this time the Nation of Israel was still united and during the time they were united there were three different kings Saul, David, and Solomon. Solomon was the last king

Is The Reid Technique The Best Solution - 1710 Words

A confession is one of the strongest forms of evidence that can be brought into a court of law. In the United States criminal justice system, prosecutors quickly and swiftly seek confessions as they are the most persuasive evidence to win cases. Interrogations are conducted by law enforcement officials in an effort to seek confessions and develop details about crimes.Communication is key to the art of interrogation. Detectives sometimes end up with false confessions from innocent suspects by using their expertise in psychological manipulation. One major technique of interrogation is known as the Reid Technique. The Reid method is a system of interviewing and interrogation that is widely used by police departments in the United States. The Reid Technique involves three components which include factual analysis, interviewing, and interrogation. Whether this verbal technique is effective or ineffective is a subjective and controversial matter. However, many people who oppose the Reid Te chnique would agree that this method can cause an innocent person to confess to wrong counts made against them. Is the Reid Technique the best solution? With concrete evidence, one can explore and come to an overall result of whether or not this questioning method has a major impact on the outcome of the confession, as well as searching for weaknesses in human nature and if these have any effect on the results of the interrogation and courtroom process. The questioning process is not a simpleShow MoreRelatedLearning Styles and Learning Theories963 Words   |  4 Pages Building on from the learning styles and theories I have covered, it is clear to see that although they target multiple learning groups; they fail to underpin any techniques, skills and strategies to become an effective learner. â€Å"Many students can perform and obtain good results, but that itself may be insufficient to make them effective learners. Often the distinction between performance and learning is blurred and many students have difficulty reflecting on how they can learn to become betterRead MoreThe Effects of Autotune on the Music Industry1405 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the years, musicians and artists have used many different techniques in order to make themselves sound different and to sell records. Quite recently, many musicians and artists have been using a pitch correcting program called Autotune. One rapper/hip-hop artist, T-Pain, is mainly responsible for transforming the use of Autotune. Autotune was first invented in 1997 by Dr. Harold â€Å"Andy† Hildebrand. Dr. Hildebrand founded Antares Audio Technologies in 1990 after working as a research scientistRead MoreMarketing Methods Of Creative Marketing Techniques1189 Words   |  5 PagesCreative Marketing Techniques The other day I went to Denver to visit my mom. Near the entrance to her independent living facility, they were building a bunch of new condos. As I rounded the corner, I could not help but notice a woman dressed only in a bikini and a stocking cap holding up a grand opening sign. It seemed odd and out of place to see a woman so scantily dressed as the temperature was in the 30 s. My curiosity was piqued. As I got closer, I noticed that it was not a real woman at allRead MoreSex-Drive Reducing Medications of Sex Offenders1556 Words   |  7 Pagesa surgical method in which the brain is modified. This is a highly effective method in treating sexual offenders but is very expensive, difficult to perform and carries a high level of risk. Due to all of this, it can be eliminated as a possible solution in modifying sex offender behavior as standard treatment. The forth method is called chemical castration. Chemical castration occurs when a male is given female drugs. Research conducted by John Money showed that a male who ingested female hormoneRead MoreLeadership : A Nurse Manager Of The Telemetry Floor At The Hospital1413 Words   |  6 Pagesaffordability of health care. Leadership establishes an environment that foster personal and professional growth. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the leadership skills in the nursing field exemplified through Mr. FG, a nurse manager in one of the best south Florida hospital. Nurse Leader Mr. FG is a nurse manager of the Telemetry floor at the hospital. He has an Associate Degree in Science Nursing from Broward College and a bachelor degree from Florida Atlantic University. He is currently takingRead MoreEvaluation of Different Training and Development Methods and Their Practicality in the Workplace2914 Words   |  12 Pagesfuture jobs. (Noe 2007) Training and development methods consists of different techniques and materials used by trainers to structure learning experiences, and different delivery methods are better suited for achieving certain learning objectives. Reid (2007) argued that when determining a learning strategy for employees in an organisation, four decision criteria that must be taken into account. Firstly, the training technique needs to be compatible with the objectives. Secondly, transfer of learningRead MorePersonal Experience Related By Registered Nurse Eleanor Geldard1540 Words   |  7 PagesMcCormack and McCance, 2014). A prerequisite of registered nurses, as provided in McCormack and McCance’s (2014) framework for person centred care is, being culturally safe. It is clear to see that cultural safety is a key concern in providing the best care to patients. I know that in the workplace not everyone will agree with me, so I need to be mindful when addressing these situations. Geldard’s ex perience allowed me to recognise that not everyone will share my views, especially on ethnicity, andRead MoreExplain the Utilitarian Deontological Aspects of Informational Privacy for Employers Employees1205 Words   |  5 Pagesimplement either deontological or utilitarianism reasoning. Had she followed a more utilitarian mission she would have been more focused on appeasing the masses. Her course would have had to include a morally correct course of action that was in the best interest for the company as a whole, and it did not. Therefore, her system of ethics judged by its consequences is neither utilitarianism nor that of deontological reasoning. Patty Dunn should have approached the board from the get go. By not doingRead MoreCase Study : Blake Memorial Hospital1725 Words   |  7 Pagesbeds with 1,400 full-time equivalent employees. Due to Blake Memorial’s location, most of the patients are enrolled in Medicaid meaning payments rarely covered the costs of treating these individuals. The board has recently appointed a new CEO, Bruce Reid, who has been left to decide the future of the hospital and its clinics. One of the many problems facing Blake Memorial is the lack of a relationship between the community and the hospital. Blake Memorial offers vital services to low-income residentsRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Of The Uk Retail Food Sector1621 Words   |  7 PagesSustainable business has become a crucial factor in the long term prosperity of a business due to a paradigm shift in societal, environmental and corporate values. According to Hawken et al (2000) and Reid (2014), radical changes have occurred within the corporate world from the agrarian era (extensive use of human capital) to the industrial era (profit maximisation at the expense of natural capital) and to the ‘digital’ era or more precisely, ‘the sustainable development era’ (concerned with value

Challenging Business Global Environment

Question: Discuss about the Challenging Business Global Environment. Answer: Introduction The initiative OBOR is an effective and systematic project for the economic development of the nations. The OBOR was proposed by the Chinese President that achieved full attention from all over the world. Along with this, the OBOR is a join of two major components: the Silk Road Economic Belt as well as the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. For case, the Silk Road Economic Belt is visualized as three paths linking China to Europe (through Central Asia), the Mediterranean, the Persian Gulf (Via West Asia), and the Indian Ocean (through South Asia). The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is designed to build links among regional watercourses. The OBOR was helpful to endorse the economic opulence of the nations. Moreover, the OBOR also developed mutual learning and understanding between different nations of the world. The initiative also promoted peace as well as development among the nations. Overall, it is an enormous undertaking that will be beneficial to the people as well as nations al l around the world. On the other hand, this research paper would be helpful to explain the major principles, frameworks, priorities and cooperation mechanisms that are related to the initiative OBOR. Moreover, the paper would also be beneficial to show the impact of the OBOR on Africa. In other words, it also can be said that, the paper would show the impact of the initiative OBOR on the industries or sectors such as: ICT, agriculture, infrastructure, tourism hospitality and cultural exchanges of Africa. Also, the paper would explain the challenges of putting the OBOR to work in Africa. To end with, the report would be valuable to describe that the OBOR may be or not a replacement for the ASEAN region. OBOR: Background, Principles, Frameworks, Priorities and Cooperation Mechanisms Background: The initiative OBOR is an effective endeavor that offers new positive energy to the world. The OBOR offers new ideas for the international cooperation and governance in order to develop the environment of peace into world (Overholt, 2015). Along with this, the main objective of the OBOR is to endorse the connectivity of Asian, African European continents and their contiguous seas, develop reinforce affiliations among the countries, establish multi-tiered compound connectivity networks and also provide diversified, autonomous, fair and sustainable development within the countries. Moreover, the initiative is also helpful to line up and synchronize the development strategies of these countries and also capture market prospective within the regions (Lee Cullinane, 2016). The OBOR would also be valuable to improve people-to-people cultural exchanges, create job opportunities, endorse investment and consumption, develop mutual understanding among the people of these count ries, and also enable them to live in peace, concord, and prosperity. On the other hand, it is also true that, the economy of china is strongly allied with the economy of the world. China plays a significant role to provide new patterns and ideas for the development of the world economy. It assimilates itself into the world economic system (Wu Zhang, 2016). Moreover, China is committed to develop policies of opening-up and put up new blueprints of all-round opening-up for the economy development of the world. In this situation, the initiative OBOR would also be beneficial for the development of China. It is because of with the help of the OBOR; china would be able to enlarge as well as expand its opening-up, and to reinforce its commonly beneficial collaboration with nations including Asia, Africa, Europe and the rest of the globe. Therefore, the initiative will work to provide the happiness and to fulfill the interests of the world community effectually (Zimmerman, 2015). Principles: The initiative OBOR is align with the major principles of the charter of the United Nations. The five principles of peaceful coexistence are mainly endorsed by the Belt and Road initiative (Parsons Abrahams, 2009). For case, mutual respect to the autonomy territorial veracity of each other, mutual non-interference in the inner affairs of each other, mutual non-aggression, equality mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence are these five principles that are line up with the Belt and Road initiative. Along with this, the initiative works for cooperation of the nations. The OBOR is open for all the nations and also beneficial to all over the world. It is in agreement as well as comprehensive. The Belt and Road initiative sponsors lenience among nations and reveres the means of development that are preferred by different countries (Fallon, 2015). Moreover, it offers a common ground of development and removes the differences that exist among nations; so they can survive in p eace for common affluence. On the other hand, the Belt and Road project goes behind market operations. It works according to the market rules and norms for the global development of the nations. The initiative plays a critical role in the resource allocations; so all the nations may use their available resources in an effectual and a proper manner. It does not make any interfere in the functions of the governments of the nations. Moreover, the Belt and Road initiative works on the principle of mutual benefits. It takes care about the interests as well as concerns of all the nations (Chacko, 2016). As a result, all the parties those are involved would be equally benefited with the major principles adopted by the initiative OBOR. Framework: The initiative OBOR is an initiative of win-win cooperation that upholds common development as well as opulence for the development of the nations (Nalbantoglu, 2017). Along with this, by developing mutual understanding and reliance in all-round exchanges, it provides a path to develop peace and friendship among nations. Moreover, the government of China also plays a major role in the promotion of the initiative OBOR. It sponsors peace mutual aid, honesty comprehensiveness, and mutual learning benefit for the development of the nations. The Chinese government also endorses practical collaboration in all the areas, and makes efforts to develop a civilization of shared interests, economic incorporation, mutual political trust, and cultural comprehensiveness (Tubilewicz, 2016). In addition to this, the initiative runs all the way through the continents of Africa, Asia, Europe and also connects the economic circles of involved countries with one another for their economic development (Suryadinata, 2017). Moreover, the OBOR also develops flat, secure and competent transport roads to connect major sea ports to improve the economic prosperity of the nations. The OBOR is an ambitious economic hallucination of the opening-up of as well as cooperation between the nations. It specifies that all the nations should go towards the objects of mutual benefit and security in order to work in concert efficiently. The initiative develops high trade standards and establishes a network of free trade to maintain economic relations, expand cultural exchanges political trust, endorse mutual understanding, encourage different civilizations, and also encourage harmony camaraderie among people of different nations (He, 2016). In this way, the framework of the Belt and Road init iative is totally related to the mutual trust and corporation among nations. Cooperation Priorities: The Belt and Road initiative contains some important priorities to provide big space for cooperation to the nations. For example, policy coordination, financial integration, unrestricted trade, facilities connectivity, and people-to-people bond are the major priorities related to the OBOR initiative. Policy coordination is essential to execute the initiative in an effectual manner. It is because of an effective policy coordination plays a major role in order to endorse inter-governmental collaboration, develop a multi-level policy exchange, enlarge mutual interests, improve mutual political trust, and accomplish new collaboration accord efficiently (Wang, Lee, Chen, Jiang Liu, 2016). With the help of the OBOR, all the nations can synchronize their economic development policies strategies; and can achieve cooperation of each other for the success of their large-scale ventures. On the other hand, financial integration is the other priority related to the initiative. It is because of financial integration is essential to develop intensify financial cooperation and build a stable currency system within nation. It will also develop credit information system and investment financing system in Asia. Moreover, it will also be helpful to create a well-organized regulation coordination system in the area (Oishi, 2015). Along with this, unrestricted trade is another major priority of this initiative. The major aim behind it is to improve investment trade facilitation among nations, and also to eradicate investment trade barriers in order to develop a sound business atmosphere within the area and in its interrelated nations. In addition to this, facilities connectivity is also a priority area for executing the project OBOR (Chen, 2016). With the help of the initiative, countries would be able to develop transportation construction plans as well as technical standard systems to give respect to the sovereignty of other nations. The initiative would also be helpful to develop an integrated coordination mechanism for transportations in order to improve the connectivity within nations. Apart from this, people-to-people bond is essential to give public support to implement the Road and Belt project. For the success of the initiative, all the nations should support the spirit of friendly cooperation to endorse wide cultural intellectual exchanges, media cooperation, and personnel exchanges collaboration and to get public support in order to develop bilateral as well as multilateral collaboration among nations (Conley, Mina Nguyen, 2016). Cooperation Mechanisms: The Belt and Road initiative will improve the role of multilateral cooperation mechanisms among nations. The OBOR will be useful to use the existing mechanisms/means in an efficient manner. For example, ACD (Asia Cooperation Dialogue), SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization), CASCF (China-Arab States Cooperation Forum), APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), CGCCSD (China-Gulf Cooperation Council Strategic Dialogue), Central Asia and so on are the some important existing mechanisms that are used by the OBOR to reinforce communication among relevant countries, and also attract more nations as well as states to contribute in the OBOR initiative (Kirton, 2016). OBOR Will Affect Africa The Belt and Road initiative will positively affect Africa. In other words, it can be said that, Africa will be more prosperous with the help of the initiative. Moreover, the OBOR will influence the industries or business sectors such as: infrastructure, agriculture, ICT, tourism hospitality and cultural exchanges in a positive way. In the context of infrastructure, the OBOR provides framework as well as analysis concerning infrastructure development in East African Nations (The Economist Corporate Network, 2016). Moreover, due to the initiative, Africa developed public-private partnership (PPP) infrastructure projects for the economic development of the nation. The initiative also improved the connectivity among nations. The improved connectivity will be valuable to provide trade opportunities and also improve the productivity as well as profitability of Africa quickly. Also, East African Nations such as: Tanzania, Kenya, and Zimbabwe would also be more benefited with the help of t his initiative. The nation has started numerous effective infrastructure projects in these three nations. The Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) is one of the biggest infrastructure projects of Africa that will improve the transportation, connectivity, and trade among nations (Nataraj Sekhani, 2015). In addition to this, the agriculture sector will also be improved due to the OBOR initiative. It is because of African countries export their consumer goods to China with agricultural products (Picciau, 2016). But, in recent years, China is enlarging its presence in special economic zones of Africa; and this is a major indication towards the agriculture development of the nation. Moreover, the increased presence of China in Africa will also improve the tourism and hospitality sector of the nation. The initiative will also improve people-to-people bond or cultural exchanges of nation with other nations. It is because of the major aim of the initiative is to improve the connections among nations (Broadman, 2006). In this way, the OBOR will improve the industry sector, infrastructure, economy, trade, cultural tourism, people to people exchanges, tourism hospitality sector, etc. to enhance the prosperous of African nations. Challenges of Putting OBOR to Work in Africa It is true that the belt and road initiative will fulfill the interests of the involved nations. Moreover, the project has potential impacts on economic development of the countries. But, there are some potential challenges that Africa may face at the time of putting the OBOR to work within nation. First major risk associated with the initiative is uncertainty of the process. It is because of the OBOR totally depends on the concept of giving in terms of leadership as well as finance. So, by putting the OBOR to work, the nation may lose its money and position also (Lim, Chan, Tseng Lim. 2016). Moreover, the initiative also pulls out the western improvement policy of the precedent decade. It is unclear that this initiative is viable or not. In this way, uncertainty involved in the initiative is the biggest challenge of putting the OBOR to work in Africa. On the other hand, different geographical as well as geopolitical conditions of the nations are also the other challenge associated with the initiative. The government of Africa thinks that geopolitical conditions are different outside the nation. In this situation, it would be very risky to invest huge amounts into such low return and high risky projects (Haggai, 2016). Moreover, the African government is also worried about that the hurry to execute the Belt and Road initiative could lead to replication and depletion within nation. It is because of numerous international railway projects are linked with the initiative. But these ways may be pricey and frequently underused. So, in the hurry to endorse the initiative, lots of provinces might be unable to take the advantages of the OBOR. In this situation, the hurry to put the OBOR to work can spoil profits of the involved nations (Nolan, Rowley Warner, 2016). In this way, these are some risks or challenges that are related to the OBO R initiative. OBOR as A Replacement for the ASEAN Region Yes, I see the OBOR initiative as a replacement for the ASEAN region. It is because of for the ASEAN region or ASEAN nations, the Road and Belt project would be valuable to tackle infrastructure discrepancies and to raise industrial as well as economic development effectively. Along with this, the OBOR initiative will develop a single market and production base for the overall development of the ASEAN nations. OBOR will also develop physical infrastructures and vigorous trade systems to improve integration among nations (Wong, 2017). In addition, with the help of the initiative, the ASEAN region will be the centre of the international value chains. Apart from this, by considering the unwillingness of the USA to ratify the TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership), the OBOR initiative may also be seen as a replacement for the ASEAN region. It is because of the USA can outline some unambiguous projects in the Belt and Road initiative to bind China more closely to the ASEAN region. These specific projects may beneficial for the economic development of the ASEAN region (Zhang, 2016). In this way, it can be assumed that, the OBOR can be seen as a replacement for the ASEAN region. In addition to this, due to the OBOR initiative, the position of China will change in the region and globally. It is because of the ONOR will provide an ultimate platform to china; so it can develop strong ties up with its adjacent Asian countries. Moreover, with the help of the belt and road initiative, china would be able to develop high-speed rail network and to share these networks globally to export its high-end technology as well as services to all over the world (Swaine, 2015). So, the OBOR initiative will be helpful to improve the prosperity and economy of the nations in an effectual and a significant manner. Conclusion On the premises of the above analysis, it can be assumed that, the Belt and Road framework has potential to endorse economic development in the including nations. Moreover, the initiative would also be beneficial to encourage financial incorporation, connectivity, policy harmonization, trade flows, facilities, etc. in an appropriate manner. Along with this, it is also observed that, the OBOR also has potential to endorse systematic free flow of economic factors and profound integration of markets to accomplish economic policy synchronization as well as to create open, comprehensive unbiased regional economic collaboration architecture in order to encourage economic development in all the related nations. References Broadman, H. G. (2006). Africa's silk road: China and India's new economic frontier. World Bank Publications. Chacko, P. (2016). New Regional Geopolitics in the Indo-Pacific: Drivers, Dynamics and Consequences. NY: Routledge. Conley, H.A., Mina, J., Nguyen, P. (2016). A Rebalanced Transatlantic Policy Toward the Asia-Pacific Region. New York: Rowman Littlefield. Haggai, K. (2016). One Belt One Road Strategy in China and Economic Development in the Concerning Countries. World Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(1), 10-14. He, A. (2016). The Dragon's Footprints: China in the Global Economic Governance System under the G20 Framework. Canada: McGill-Queen's Press MQUP. Kirton, J.J. (2016). Chinas G20 Leadership. NY: Routledge. Lee, P.Y., Cullinane, K. (2016). Dynamic Shipping and Port Development in the Globalized Economy: Volume 2: Emerging Trends in Ports, Volume 2. USA: Springer. Lim, T.W., Chan, H.H.L., Tseng, K.H., Lim. W.X. (2016). China's One Belt One Road Initiative. UK: World Scientific. Nataraj, G., Sekhani, R. (2015). Chinas One Belt One Road. Economic Political Weekly, 50 (49), 67. Nolan, J., Rowley, C., Warner, M. (2016). Business Networks in East Asian Capitalisms: Enduring Trends, Emerging Patterns. UK: Chandos Publishing. Oishi, M. (2015). Contemporary Conflicts in Southeast Asia: Towards a New ASEAN Way of Conflict Management. USA: Springer. Parsons, A.J., Abrahams, A.D. (2009). Geomorphology of Desert Environments. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Suryadinata, L. (2017). The Rise of China and the Chinese Overseas: A Study of Beijings Changing Policy in Southeast Asia and Beyond. Singapore: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. Swaine, M. D. (2015). Chinese views and commentary on the One Belt, One Roadinitiative. China Leadership Monitor, 47, 1-24. The Economist Corporate Network (2016). ONE BELT, ONE ROAD: AN ECONOMIC ROADMAP. Retrieved From: https://www.iberchina.org/files/2016/obor_economist.pdf Tubilewicz, C. (2016). Critical Issues in Contemporary China: Unity, Stability and Development. NY: Routledge. Wang, L., Lee, S., Chen, P., Jiang, X., Liu, B. (2016). Contemporary Logistics in China: New Horizon and New Blueprint. USA: Springer. Wong, P. (2017). How Chinas belt and road is transforming Asean. Retrieved From: https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2059916/how-chinas-belt-and-road-transforming-asean Wu, F., Zhang, H. (2016). China's Global Quest for Resources: Energy, Food and Water. NY: Routledge. Zhang, F. (2016). China as a Global Force. Asia the Pacific Policy Studies, 3(1), 117-125. Overholt, W. H. (2015). One Belt, One Road, One Pivot. Global Asia, 10(3), 1-8. Zimmerman, T. (2015). The New Silk Roads: China, the US, and the Future of Central Asia. NYU Center on International Cooperation https://cic. nyu. edu/sites/default/files/zimmer-man_new_silk_road_final_2. pdf. Fallon, T. (2015). The New Silk Road: Xi Jinping's Grand Strategy for Eurasia. American Foreign Policy Interests, 37(3), 140-147. Nalbantoglu, C. (2017). One Belt One Road Initiative: New Route on Chinas Change of Course to Growth. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 5(01), 87. Chen, H. (2016). Chinas One Belt, One Roadinitiative and its implications for Sino-African investment relations 1. Transnational Corporations Review, 8(3), 178-182. Picciau, S. (2016). The" One Belt One Road" strategy between opportunities fears: a new stage in EU-China relations? IndraStra Global, 14.

Mental Health Services Within the Criminal Justice System free essay sample

These days it seems that more and more people are being diagnosed with some form of mental disorder or disability. It’s important that those who provide mental health services be properly trained and certified so as to provide the best possible care and treatment for those who suffer from mental health disorders and disabilities. The history of mental health services is quite extensive. In 1773 the first hospital for the mentally ill in the US opened in Williamsburg, Virginia. In 1840 there were only eight â€Å"asylums for the insane† in the United States. Dorothea Dix crusaded for the establishment or enlargement of 32 mental hospitals, and transfer of those with mental illness from almshouses and jails. The first attempt to measure the extent of mental illness and mental retardation in the United States occurred with the U. S. Census of 1840, which included the category â€Å"insane and idiotic. † The â€Å"mental hygiene† movement began in 1900. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Health Services Within the Criminal Justice System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Clifford Beers, a mental health consumer shocked readers with a graphic account of hospital conditions in his famous book, The Mind That Found Itself. Inspection of immigrants at Ellis Island included screening to detect the â€Å"mentally disturbed and retarded†. The high incidence of mental disorders among immigrants prompted public recognition of mental illness as a national health problem. In 1930, The US Public Health Service (PHS) established the Narcotics Division, later named the Division of Mental Hygiene, bringing together research and treatment programs to combat drug addiction and study of the causes, prevalence, and means of preventing and treating nervous and mental disease. During World War II, severe shortages of professional mental health personnel and the nderstanding of the causes, treatment, and prevention of mental illness lagged behind other fields of medical science and public health. Dr. William Menninger, chief of Army neuropsychiatry, called for federal action. A national mental health program was proposed, forming the foundation of the National Mental Health Act of 1946. On July 3, 1946, President Truman signed the National Mental Health Act, creating for the first time in US history a significant amount of funding for psychiatric education and research and leading to the creation in 1949 of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Congress authorized the Mental Health Study Act of 1955 and called for â€Å"an objective, thorough, nationwide analysis and reevaluation of the humane and economic problems of mental health†. The act provided the basis for the historic study conducted by the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, Action for Mental Health. In 1961 the Action for Mental Health was transmitted to Congress. It assessed mental health conditions and resources throughout the United States â€Å"to arrive at a national program that would approach adequacy in meeting the individual needs of the mentally ill people of America. Congress appropriated $12 million for research in 1956 the clinical and basic aspects of psychopharmacology and the Psychopharmacology Service Center was established. The number of consumers in mental hospitals began to decline reflecting the introduction of psychopharmacology in the treatment of mental illness. The Health Amendments Act authorized the support of communi ty services for the mentally ill, such as halfway houses, daycare, and aftercare under Title V. The CMHC (Community Mental Health Center) Act Amendments of 1965, (P. L. 1-211), were enacted and included the following major provisions: Construction and staffing grants to centers were extended and facilities that served those with alcohol and substance abuse disorders were made eligible to receive these grants. Grants were provided to support the initiation and development of mental health services in poverty-stricken areas. A new program of grants was established to support further development of children’s services. By 1988, the concept of behavioral health managed care evolved from theory to practice. Massachusetts was the first state that utilized a managed care platform regarding service of its behavioral healthcare needs. The state â€Å"carved out† mental health from physical healthcare and awarded the contract for management of the mental health benefits to a private company whose responsibilities included service authorization, utilization, quality management, a provider network, claims processing and interagency coordination. The managed care platform was based on efficiency and effectiveness, and sought to take advantage of emerging technologies. However, capturing the cost savings proved to be a difficult task as managed care programs spread throughout different states. Population disparities in the rural and urban areas, unfulfilled technological promises, decreasing social service budgets in the states, and erosion in the areas of access and quality had a lasting effect on managed care systems. â€Å"Mental health services are designed to promote and maintain mental health, prevent mental illness, and treat and rehabilitate mentally ill persons. † (Dolgoff amp; Feldstein, 2009, p. 69). Community mental health centers provide a variety of services. Such services include, but are not limited to, emergency services, diagnosis, treatment, referral, and community education and coordination. Mental health issues involve a wide array of behaviors ranging from severe mental impairments that would require hospitalization to mildly impairing behaviors. Another specific goal of mental health services involves promoting maximum mental health by support help in life transitions and difficult periods of stress. In recent years there has been more focus on the interrelationship of biological and psychosocial factors as they relate to mental health. â€Å"Mental health facilities include both public (state and county) and private psychiatric hospitals in which patients are either voluntarily committed or involuntarily committed by court order or following certification by two physicians. Aftercare is often provided for discharged patients in a local community facility. † (Dolgoff amp; Feldstein, 2009, p. 269). According to Patty Fleener, â€Å"The purpose of Mental Health Today is to help stop the pain caused by mental health disorders. The hope is to provide the latest information about mental health disorders to mental health clinicians as well as consumers and families who are now beginning to demand better treatment. Communities have been created for emotional support, articles are written to assist in recovery, crisis intervention is provided by recovering mental health consumers, and resources are given. † Financing for mental health services can get tricky and complicated. â€Å"Using monies from federal block grants, state mental health departments operate statewide networks of mental health services. †(Dolgoff amp; Feldstein, 2009, p. 70). In addition, state departments of education also provide financing through special education programs. Complications arise however, when we get into private insurances and what they will and will not cover. â€Å"Despite research findings that behavior and mood illnesses such as severe depression and schizophrenia are disorders of brain circuitry, debate con tinues whether mental health conditions are physical or mental. †(Dolgoff amp; Feldstein, 2009, p. 270). The reason this piece of information is so important is because insurance companies do not equally cover mental illness and physical illness. Today, more and more insurance companies are restricting coverage for mental health services. This includes services that are normally provided by social workers. This was motivated by several concerns. Insurers feared that coverage of mental health services would result in high costs associated with long-term and intensive psychotherapy and extended hospital stays. They also were reluctant to pay for long-term, often custodial, hospital stays that were guaranteed by the public mental health system, the provider of â€Å"catastrophic care. These factors encouraged private insurers to limit coverage for mental health services. (U. S. Public Health Service). Federal public financing mechanisms, such as Medicare and Medicaid, also imposed limitations on coverage, particularly for long-term care, of â€Å"nervous and mental disease† to avoid a complete shift in financial responsibility from state and local governments to the Federal government. The purpose of mental health insura nce is to protect the individual from catastrophic financial loss. A 1996 review of the evidence for the efficacy of well-documented treatments (Frank et al. 1996) suggested that covered services should include the following: * Hospital and other 24-hour services (e. g. , crisis residential services); * Intensive community services (e. g. , partial hospitalization); * Ambulatory or outpatient services (e. g. , focused forms of psychotherapy); * Medical management (e. g. , monitoring psychotropic medications); * Case management; * Intensive psychosocial rehabilitation services; and * Other intensive outreach approaches to the care of individuals with severe disorders. Since resources to provide such services are finite, insurance plans are responsible for allocating resources to support treatment. Each type of insurance plan has a different model for matching treatment need with insurance support for receiving services. (U. S. Public Health Service). Health insurance, whether funded through private or public sources, is one of the most important factors influencing access to health and mental health services. Of the roughly 32 million uninsured Americans required by law to enroll in health insurance plans by 2014, about half-or 16 million-will sign up for Medicaid. And of those new enrollees, one-third will have preexisting mental health or substance abuse conditions. Not surprisingly, state governments (which will implement the law) are desperate to cut costs. People with chronic psychiatric conditions, after all, are among the most expensive to insure because their crises usually lead to emergency room visits and lengthy stays in institutions, at a cost of thousands of dollars a day. Many mentally ill patients cope by smoking, abusing drugs, or overeating, leading to an increased risk of cancer, diabetes, and other expensive co-morbidities. One study published in 2000 estimated that people with psychiatric or substance abuse problems consume 44 percent of all the cigarettes sold in the United States. This is one reason why the average life expectancy of an American with a chronic mental illness is about 25 years shorter than the national average. (The American Scholar). Nearly 12 percent of U. S. adults (27 million low-income individuals on p ublic support) receive Medicaid coverage (with more than 2 percent having dual Medicare/Medicaid coverage). With per capita expenditures of $481 a year for mental health services, the average cost of this coverage is 2. 5 times higher than that in the private sector. An explanation for this higher average cost is the severity of illness of this population and greater intensity of services needed to meet their needs. State mental health policymakers have begun to blend funding streams from Medicaid and the state public mental health expenditures under Medicaid â€Å"waivers,† which offer the potential of purchasing private insurance for certain public beneficiaries who have not been eligible for Medicaid. This new option has recently been raised as a means of concentrating public mental health services on forensic and other long-term intensive care programs not covered by private insurance (Hogan, 1998). Given the extremely low level of funding for the uninsured with less severe mental illness, the recently implemented Federal legislation to fund a State Child Health Insurance Program (CHIP) could result in considerably increased coverage for previously uninsured children. It is noteworthy that CHIP benefits vary from state-to-state particularly for mental health coverage. America is about to undergo a massive shift in how health care is paid for, and at the state level the responses have been varied. South Carolina, for example, slashed mental health spending 39 percent between 2009 and 2012, and nine other states cut their mental health budgets more than 10 percent over that same period, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, leaving significantly more people on the street, in jail, or dead. In other states, the objective is to replace custodial care, which is often inefficient and inhumane. The new model of care encourages a far greater degree of independence, and at a fraction of the cost of hospital wards. Consider that the state of New York spends about $220,000 a year to keep a person in the Buffalo Psychiatric Center. Now compare that with the annual direct cost of supported housing in Buffalo- about $8,000 per person, according to Joe Woodward, director of a peer-run housing agency in western New York. About 25 million adults in this country suffer from serious psychological distress; some surveys estimate that half of all Americans will have a diagnosable psychiatric condition at some point in their lives. And yet, the mentally ill are a largely forgotten part of the population. Governments especially seem to deal with the problem by ignoring it. The major obstacle, still to this day-is social stigma, which the sociologist Erving Goffman elegantly defined as the process by which the reaction of others spoils normal identity. This stigma is what peers can best combat. People may not know how to make recovery happen, but that doesnt mean that it cant happen, said John Allen, a peer activist for decades and now the director of the Office of Consumer Affairs at New York States Office of Mental Health. I believe that recovery is possible for every human being. The mental health care in America is extremely poor at this time. Many people continue to suffer and lives are literally lost due to lack of interest in our society in assisting people with mental health disorders and people continue to be heavily stigmatized.